← Learning Pathways Learning Pathway

Graduate Data Engineer to Junior Data Engineer

🕑 9-18 months Data Engineering

Build the foundational data engineering skills and professional habits that allow you to deliver well-scoped data work independently and reliably.

🎯 Focus Areas

SQL and Data Modelling Fundamentals

SQL is the lingua franca of data engineering and mastery of it separates competent data engineers from great ones. Beyond basic querying, you need to understand joins, window functions, CTEs, query planning, and indexing. Data modelling - knowing when to normalise and when not to - is equally foundational.

Pipeline Basics

Data pipelines are the primary artefact of a data engineer. Learn to build reliable pipelines that handle failures gracefully, produce observable outputs, and can be re-run safely. Idempotency is not a nice-to-have - it is a requirement for any pipeline that runs in production.

Data Quality Thinking

Bad data causes bad decisions. Develop the habit of questioning data from the source - understanding schema, checking for nulls, validating distributions, and testing assumptions explicitly. Data quality is an engineering discipline, not a data stewardship afterthought.

Python for Data Engineering

Python is the dominant scripting language for data engineering. Beyond pandas for exploration, you need to be comfortable with file I/O, API clients, error handling, logging, and packaging code as reusable modules rather than single notebooks.

Cloud Data Fundamentals

Modern data engineering happens in the cloud. Build working knowledge of at least one cloud data platform - object storage, managed compute, a warehouse or lakehouse service - understanding the cost and performance trade-offs of different approaches.

Skills & Behaviours to Develop

Skills to Develop

  • Write complex SQL queries using window functions, CTEs, and subqueries to answer analytical questions on real datasets.
  • Build a Python-based data pipeline with proper error handling, logging, retry logic, and idempotent design.
  • Implement basic data quality checks in a pipeline - null rates, row counts, value range validation - and fail the pipeline clearly when checks do not pass.
  • Use a workflow orchestrator such as Airflow or Prefect to schedule and monitor a pipeline, understanding DAG structure and dependency management.
  • Load data into a cloud data warehouse, apply appropriate data types and partitioning, and query it efficiently.
  • Write tests for pipeline logic using Python unit tests or a framework such as dbt test.
  • Version control pipeline code in Git and participate in code review for data engineering work.
  • Document a pipeline with enough context that a colleague could understand its purpose, inputs, outputs, and failure modes without asking you.

Behaviours to Demonstrate

  • Asks clarifying questions about data sources and business requirements before writing code, rather than assuming and discovering problems later.
  • Validates data at every stage of a pipeline and makes failures visible rather than silently passing bad data downstream.
  • Flags data quality anomalies immediately to stakeholders rather than waiting until they surface in a dashboard.
  • Maintains pipeline documentation and updates it when behaviour changes.
  • Runs pipelines in a development environment before deploying to production and verifies outputs against expectations.
  • Seeks feedback on pipeline design before investing significant effort in implementation.
  • Tracks down the source of a data issue systematically, documenting the investigation process.
🛠 Hands-On Projects
1 Build an end-to-end pipeline that ingests data from a public API, transforms it, loads it into a cloud data warehouse, and implements basic data quality checks.
2 Take a SQL query that is running slowly on a real dataset and use explain plans and indexing to make it meaningfully faster, documenting what you learned.
3 Build a dbt project with at least five models, tests on every model, and documentation that describes what each model represents.
4 Set up an Airflow DAG that orchestrates a multi-step pipeline with dependency management and alerting on failure.
5 Build a data quality report that runs daily against a dataset you own and alerts when distributions shift significantly from baseline.
AI Literacy for This Transition
AI for learning SQL patterns and data debugging
1

Use AI to explain SQL query plans and optimisation strategies for queries you write, then verify the explanations by running the queries with different structures and measuring the difference.

2

Practice using AI to help you debug pipeline failures - describe the error, the data, and what you expected, and evaluate how reliably it identifies the root cause.

3

Use AI to generate synthetic test data for pipelines you are building, then validate that the generated data has the statistical properties you need for a meaningful test.

4

Learn to use AI for data exploration - generating summary queries, distribution checks, and anomaly detection queries - but always verify AI-suggested queries against the actual schema before running them.

5

Be aware that AI tools can confidently generate incorrect SQL for dialects they are less familiar with - always test AI-generated queries against real data before trusting the output.

6

Use AI to help write pipeline documentation by generating a first draft from code, then edit it for accuracy and completeness.

📚 Recommended Reading

Fundamentals of Data Engineering

Joe Reis and Matt Housley

The most comprehensive and current treatment of the data engineering discipline - covers the full data lifecycle, architecture patterns, and how to think about the field as a whole.

Data Pipelines Pocket Reference

James Densmore

Practical and immediately applicable to building real pipelines - covers ingestion, transformation, storage, and the operational concerns that textbooks often skip.

Learning SQL

Alan Beaulieu

A thorough SQL foundation that goes beyond SELECT statements to cover the set-based thinking that makes SQL queries genuinely powerful.

Python for Data Analysis

Wes McKinney

Written by the creator of pandas, this is the definitive reference for data manipulation in Python - essential for a junior data engineer.

🎓 Courses & Resources

Data Engineering Fundamentals

Pluralsight

Covers the core concepts and tools of modern data engineering with practical exercises rather than just theory.

dbt Fundamentals

dbt Learn

dbt has become the standard tool for transformation in modern data stacks - the free official course is the best starting point.

SQL for Data Science

Coursera / UC Davis

Builds SQL skills from first principles with real-world data exercises that go beyond toy examples.

Apache Airflow Fundamentals

Astronomer Academy

Airflow is the most widely adopted workflow orchestrator and this course builds practical skills for building, debugging, and operating DAGs.

📋 Role Archetypes

Review the full expectations for both roles to understand exactly what good looks like at each level.

→ Graduate Data Engineer Archetype → Junior Data Engineer Archetype